Change the Subject Timeline

This timeline offers a chronological account of the effort to change the “illegal aliens” subject heading.

Timeline

Founding of CoFIRED

Founding of CoFIRED

The Coalition For Immigration Reform and Equality at Dartmouth (CoFIRED) is a student organization that was founded by Eduardo M. Najera Ortega (Class of 2014) and Óscar Rubén Cornejo Cásares (Class of 2017). CoFIRED serves to advance the rights of undocumented students at Dartmouth College and undocumented peoples of the Upper Valley. CoFIRED aims to spread awareness of the complexities of the undocumented experience and unite forces that support a comprehensive immigration approach at Dartmouth. One of their first objectives was to drop the “I-word.”

 

Discovery of the “I-word” Subject Heading

Discovery of the “I-word” Subject Heading

“My gut reaction to seeing the subject heading here at Dartmouth was really one of disgust and perplexed. Like why I thought this place would know better or do any better? But also knowing like I can’t believe you think these things. I know there are undocumented students on this campus and you know that and recruit them.” -Melissa Padilla Dartmouth Class of 2016

 

 

Freedom Budget

Freedom Budget

The Freedom Budget is a statement made by minority students at Dartmouth that seek to eliminate sources of oppression at the college. An important provision in the Freedom Budget was made by CoFIRED – the library catalog system should change the term “illegal” to “undocumented” in reference to immigrants. This was one of the first major efforts in the overall subject change petition.

Library of Congress denies initial petition

Library of Congress denies initial petition

The Dartmouth Library learned that the Library of Congress rejected the initial petition, stating that the phrases “illegal aliens” and “undocumented immigrants” are not synonymous. In the rejection, the Library of Congress stated, “Immigrants—the proposed broader term for the revised heading— is not an inherently legal heading. Mixing an inherently legal concept with one that is not inherently legal leads to problems with the structure and maintenance of Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and makes assignment of headings difficult.”

American Library Association (ALA) Encourages Library of Congress to Change the Subject Heading

American Library Association (ALA) Encourages Library of Congress to Change the Subject Heading

After the initial denial of the subject change petition, the American Library Association heard about CoFired’s efforts, and the Subject Analysis Committee reviewed the subject heading “Illegal aliens.”  They later released this recommendation to the Library of Congress to change the subject heading:

 

“Resolved, that the American Library Association (ALA), on behalf of its members: urges the Library of Congress to change the subject heading Illegal aliens to Undocumented immigrants.”

Library of Congress Amends the Subject Heading “Illegal Aliens”

Library of Congress Amends the Subject Heading “Illegal Aliens”

After passionate activism from students and the ALA, the Library of Congress finally agreed to the change. They released a statement, mentioning in their Executive Summary that “the meaning of Aliens is often misunderstood and should be revised to Noncitizens, and that the phrase illegal aliens has become pejorative. The heading Illegal aliens will therefore be canceled and replaced by two headings, Noncitizens and Unauthorized immigration, which may be assigned together to describe resources about people who illegally reside in a country.”

Republicans Introduce Legislation Against the Subject Heading Change

Republicans Introduce Legislation Against the Subject Heading Change

Rep. Diane Black (R-TN) along with 35 cosponsors opposed the Library of Congress’ move to change the heading to “Noncitizen.” They introduced HR 4926, also known as the Stopping Partisan Policy at the Library of Congress Act, to demand that the Library of Congress retain any subject title with “Illegal” and “illegal aliens”. The bill was never passed but presents clear indications of Republican sentiment towards the topic.

House Appropriations Subcommittee Add Provision to Fiscal Year 2017 spending

House Appropriations Subcommittee Add Provision to Fiscal Year 2017 spending

Republicans on the House Appropriations Subcommittee  “To the extent practical, the committee instructs the library to maintain certain subject headings that reflect the terminology used in Title 8 of the United States code.” This proposal to add the provision to the spending bill passed in a 25-24 vote despite efforts by Joaquin Castro and Debbie Wasserman-Shultz to remove the language.

Democratic Debate

Democratic Debate

On this date, Democrats debated the Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill in Congress. They argued that the Library of Congress is an independent department that conducts its own “anti-partisan” review process, and Congress should not interfere with its process. Representative Debbie Wasserman-Shultz (D-FL) remarked, “My amendment seeks to keep politics out of the Library of Congress’s subject heading process rather than set the Congress up as the word police.”

 

Republicans Write Letter to Library of Congress Condemning the Library’s Choice to Revise the Term “Illegal Aliens”

Republicans Write Letter to Library of Congress Condemning the Library’s Choice to Revise the Term “Illegal Aliens”

The Republican momentum against changing the subject heading continues. Top Republican members of both houses of Congress delivered a letter to the United States Library of Congress depicting their disapproval of the Library’s “misguided decision.” Republicans support the heading “aliens” by explaining that the term is over 100 years old and one of the oldest headings in the library. They state, “These are statutory legal terms of art, not throwaway words to be arbitrarily erased.

House of Representatives Approves Fiscal Year 2017 Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill

House of Representatives Approves Fiscal Year 2017 Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill

The House of Representatives passed the FY17 Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill by a vote of 233-175. This bill included the provisions that were introduced by the House Appropriations Subcommittee which demanded the Library of Congress maintain the “illegal aliens” subject heading.

ALA Releases Public Statement in Support of the Library of Congress

ALA Releases Public Statement in Support of the Library of Congress

The American Library Association released a Resolution in Support of the Professional Cataloging Processes and Determinations of the Library of Congress.  This statement reaffirmed support for the independent and “apolitical” work of the Library of Congress in deciding subject headings and emphasized the separation between subject headings and the United States Code of Laws.

I-Word Debate Grabs Mass Media Attention

I-Word Debate Grabs Mass Media Attention

In the months following the contentious subject heading debate, this issue gained mainstream media attention from major news publications such as the New York Times (NYT), Washington Post, and PBS. For instance, the NYT published an article describing Melissa Padilla’s story, and how her actions at Dartmouth eventually led to a civic movement in Washington D.C. The coverage of this story by reputed news organizations like the NYT raised much-needed awareness about the plight of undocumented individuals in America today.

Dartmouth College Administration Addresses Concerns

Dartmouth College Administration Addresses Concerns

In the aftermath of President Trump’s election victory, the President of Dartmouth College briefly refers to the effort of Melissa Padilla, Oscar Conejo, and others in his letter titled ‘Supporting our diverse community‘ –

“We are proud of the persistence of CoFIRED students who worked for two years to win a national victory this past March when the Library of Congress agreed to change the ways it catalogs holdings that refer to noncitizen, and to stop using the subject heading ‘illegal aliens’”

–  Phil Hanlon

Release of Change the Subject

The film follows these students as they sought to challenge the way in which non-citizens are classified. They claimed that the heading “illegal aliens” is both inhumane and undermining since a human cannot be illegal. The film guides us through the efforts of these activists as they sought to change the conversation and advocate for immigrants in the country. The term is still used today throughout the federal government, especially the Library of Congress, to classify the works of non-citizens of the United States that are here without any legal protection from deportation.

Film Inspires Local Change

Film Inspires Local Change

Following the release of the Change the Subject Film, many libraries have committed to changing the subject heading in their local library catalogs.  This movement to locally change the language regarding immigration has gained momentum and spread to libraries across the country.  Despite the Library of Congress’s promise to change the subject heading, the change never occurred and “illegal aliens” remains an authorized heading. As a result, many libraries have pledged to local changes.

The Library of Congress has not updated the subject heading to reflect more appropriate terminology for undocumented immigrants. The official subject heading remains “illegal aliens.”

 

This website is 1 of 5 analyses of the Change the Subject movement undertaken by 25 Dartmouth College undergraduate students for Latino Studies 3, Latinx Lives in the United States, during the Fall term of 2019. The other 4 analyses can be found here.