Information not specifically cited is from Professor DeSilva’s class lectures or office hours meetings.

Pre-Pregnancy: 

Su, Denise F. “The Earliest Hominins: Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus”  in Nature Education Knowledge 4(4):11. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-earliest-hominins-sahelanthropus-orrorin-and-ardipithecus-67648286/. 

Gavrilets, Sergey. “Human origins and the transition from promiscuity to pair-bonding.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America vol. 109,25 (2012). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382477/. 

Graves, Paul. “New Models and Metaphors for the Neanderthal Debate”. Current Anthropology, vol. 32, no. 5 (Dec. 1991). pg 513-541. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2743684?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents.  

Kay RF, Plavcan JM, Glander KE, Wright PC. Sexual selection and canine dimorphism in New World monkeys. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1988 Nov;77(3):385-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3228171/. 

Wei-Haas, Maya. “Multiple lines of mysterious ancient humans interbred with us” National Geographic. April 11, 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/enigmatic-human-relative-outlived-neanderthals/#close.  

Pregnancy:

Cleveland Clinic. “Fetal Growth: Stages of Development”. Cleveland Clinic. 16 Apr. 2020: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7247-fetal-development-stages-of-growth.

Gill TJ 3rd. Anthropological considerations relevant to the maturation of the immune response in humans. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1995 Apr;33(4):277-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00896.x. PMID: 7546246.

Martin RD. Human brain evolution in an ecological context. Fifty‐second James Arthur lecture on the evolution of the human brain. American Museum of Natural History, 1983.

Walker A, Ruff C. The reconstruction of the pelvis. In: Walker A, Leakey RE. The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1993: 221–233.

 

Birth:

DeSilva, Jeremy M., Natalie M. Lucinda, Karen R. Rosenberg, and Wenda R. Trevathan.  “Neonatal Shoulder Width Suggests a Semirotational, Oblique Birth Mechanism in Australopithecus afarensis.” April 12, 2017. https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.23573.

Dunsworth, Holly. M. “There Is No “Obstetrical Dilemma”: Towards a Braver Medicine with Fewer Childbirth Interventions.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2018. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=soc_facpubs.

Greene, James. “The Four Stages of Labor.” Kaiser Permanente. January 3, 2019. https://wa.kaiserpermanente.org/healthAndWellness/index.jhtml?item=%2Fcommon%2FhealthAndWellness%2Fpregnancy%2Fbirth%2FlaborStages.html.

Rosenberg, Karen R. and Wenda R. Trevathan. “The Evolution of Human Birth.” Scientific American, December 1, 2001. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11672138_The_Evolution_of_Human_Birth/citation/download.

Wall-Scheffler, Cara M. and Marcella J. Myers. “The Biomechanical and Energetic Advantages of a Mediolaterally Wide Pelvis in Women.” April 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28297181/.

 

Post-Birth

Bondar, Carin. “Can Animal Moms Get Postpartum Depression?” Dr. Carin Bondar, 28 July 2020, carinbondar.com/2020/07/22/can-animal-moms-get-postpartum-depression/. 

Choi, Charles Q. “Did Human Ancestor ‘Lucy’ Have a Midwife?” LiveScience, Purch, 26 Apr. 2017, www.livescience.com/58844-did-human-ancestor-lucy-have-midwife.html. 

Goyal, Deepika, et al. “How Much Does Low Socioeconomic Status Increase the Risk of Prenatal and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in First-Time Mothers?” Women’s Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Mar. 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835803/. 

Hogenboom, Melissa. “Earth – The Monkeys That Act as Midwives.” BBC, BBC, 16 Apr. 2016, www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160414-the-monkeys-that-act-as-midwives. 

Thompson, Helen. “Why Some Mammals Kill Babies of Their Own Kind.” Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 13 Nov. 2014, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-some-mammals-kill-babies-own-kind-180953318/.